Jury Trial - 2124 Words

A jury trial (or trial by jury) is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact which are then applied by a judge. |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Provides certainty, no retrial (subject to recent reforms but only |On acquittal (Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ) there can be no retrial (subject to recent | |for serious crimes). |reforms but only for serious crimes). | |Retrial available in tainted cases (nobbling) Section 54 Criminal |Jury nobbling believed to be frequent resulting in wrongful acquittals. |†¦show more content†¦| |Many judges believe jurors usually return the right verdict, very few|Easily influenced by impressive barristers, or the judge. | |appeals from jury verdicts. | | | | | |High correlation in USA studies of jury/judge verdicts. |Juries not required to give reasons for verdicts. | |Judge can correct any unfairness of the array. |Insufficient intellect. Cannot follow complicated tax or fraud cases. | | |Note: can be judge-only trial in some cases. | |Provide a barometer of public opinion. |Inconsistencies throughout the country. | | | | | |Young jurors noShow MoreRelatedJury Trial Analysis936 Words   |  4 PagesJury Selection, Trials and Constitutional Rights The jury selection process is a significant portion of the trial process. Jury selection ensures that courts maintain proper Due Process and comply with constitutional guidelines. Furthermore, it gives lawyers the ability to evaluate the people in the jury and determine how they would feel about the case. The trial process branches out into six steps: jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, chargingRead MoreJury Trial Analysis Paper1206 Words   |  5 Pages Jury Trial Analysis Paper By: xxxxxxxxxxCJA/364 August 18, 2014 James Secord Jury Trial Analysis Paper In this paper I will provide an analysis of a jury trial; my analysis will focus on the right of the defendant. I will articulate how a defendant s rights at trial can be assured when it comes to The defendant’s right to a speedy trial, the defendant’s right to an impartial judge and the defendant’s right to an impartial jury. There are six steps in the trial process; these steps includeRead MoreThe Trial On The Jury System988 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Have you ever been to a trial or have you seen a trial on the television? Have you ever saw that group of people that were sitting in a box? Or have you ever heard someone say they have to go do jury duty? You may wondered what jury duty is. Well jury duty is service as a member of a jury in a court of law. You may say well what is a jury? A jury is a body of people sworn to give to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them in court. In this paper we willRead MoreDeprivation Of The Benefits Of Trial By Jury1182 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefits of Trial by Jury â€Å"For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury.† This is one of the most supreme points written in the founding principles of our Declaration of Independence according to the American founding fathers, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin. This text in the Declaration of Independence explicitly upbraids King George III for depriving the people’s rights to a trial by jury. American lawRead MoreA Case For Jury Trials1259 Words   |  6 Pages A case for Jury Trials in India By: Scott A. McMillan, Ravishankar K. Mor Jury trials in India had come to an end unceremoniously; the immediate cause for abolition of jury trials was â€Å"Not Guilty† verdict of jury in K.M.Nanavati Vs. state of Maharashtra . The sessions Judge disagreed the Jury opinion, in his view, no reasonable body of men could bring that verdict on the evidenceRead MoreThe Right to a Trial by Jury7039 Words   |  29 PagesRight to a Trial by Jury: The Threat of Extinction, Limited Availability Reduced Effectiveness Contrary to what may be a common public perception, jury trials are a dying breed in America. Jury trials have been declining steadily for the past thirty years. â€Å"If the trend continues, within the foreseeable future, civil jury trials in America may eventually become†¦extinct.† This may seem surprising because the U.S. Constitution ensures the right to a jury trial in criminal trials under the 6thRead MoreThe Trial Of All Crimes Shall Be By Jury945 Words   |  4 Pages Trials provide the ultimate forum for vindicating the innocence of the accused or confirming the liability of the defendant. For that reason, the right to be tried by a jury of one’s peers is guaranteed in the Sixth and Seventh Amendment to the Constitution. It is stated in Article III, Section 2, of the Constitution that, â€Å"The trial of all crimes shall be by jury,† (Neubauer 341). The importance of juries’ introducing standards into the justice system has been associ ated with the concept of juryRead MoreThe Jury System Should Be Scrapped For Criminal Trials1244 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"THE JURY SYSTEM SHOULD BE SCRAPPED FOR CRIMINAL TRIALS IN NSW† Through various analytical investigations and research, it can be proposed â€Å"the jury system should be scraped for criminal trials in NSW†. As jurors are incapable of apprehensively comprehending evidence and are vulnerable to being biased by their personal prejudices and excessive media publicity. Correspondingly, many fall victim of escaping trials due to their elongated processes. Conversely, many dispute in contradiction suggestingRead MoreJury Trial Analysis Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesJury Trial Analysis Fenisa Robinson CJA-364 October 1, 2012 John Huskey Jury Trial Analysis In the United States of America, the criminal justice system is based on the adversarial system or common law system. An adversarial trial allows the accused or defendant to be given a fair chance to prove his or her innocence. The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that the defendant is to be given a fair chance to oppose the prosecution, have witnesses to help with his orRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Jury Trial1980 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will be looking at the advantages and disadvantages of the jury trial. Jury trial is a legal proceeding where a jury makes a decision, which then direct the actions of a judge. The members of a jury are a group of independent citizens. They have no interest in the case before them, nor is their judgment coloured by regular experience of the business of the court. They are â€Å"twelve individuals, often with no prior contact with the courts, who are chosen at random to listen to evidence and

Jon Krakauer s Thin The Line Between Investigative...

Jon Krakauer’s books expertly toe the line between investigative journalism and gripping and tense non-fiction. In Missoula, he tackles the rape epidemic on college campuses and its complicated relationship with the criminal justice system. In Into Thin Air, he delves into his own experience as a mountain climber who witnessed the Mt. Everest Disaster first hand. In both publications, Krakauer strives to uncover a dark truth about a familiar institution. Although there is certainly variation in the means of accomplishing this purpose between the books, his characteristic technique is evident in their stylistic commonalities. Both Missoula and Into Thin Air utilize Krakauer’s ability to create atmosphere and mood in order to convey a message and make his commentary more poignant. Both books exhibit a dark tone, being about extremely heavy content. Yet despite this, Krakauer creates a unique atmosphere for each of the two books that embodies the specific purpose. Missoula is written to expose the failures of the criminal justice system in prosecuting rapists. While at times it has a sad or even remorseful tone, bemoaning the fates of victims, overall, the book is meant to strike the reader as more angry than sorrowful. For instance, Krakauer relays to the reader how attorney Kirsten Pabst obviously did not â€Å"take the time to listen to the recording†¦ because a number of Pabst’s assertions†¦ are just plain wrong† (Missoula 100). This sentence reads almost as an accusation and

The Perception of Africa as a Single Entity Essay - 708 Words

Looking at Africa as a single entity has been an issue facing how the world perceives it. When news of Africa hits the stands it is rarely talking about specific places but rather a story about the whole of Africa. Viewing Africa as a single thing has lead most of the world, especially Western cultures, to see it in a generalized way which has led to a negative stereotype of Africa and its people. During the time of European expansion, many in Europe only knew of Africa, though the letters of self-appointed anthropologist and adventurers who described Africa as a dark continent; the people were dark skinned and primitive; they worshiped idols and practiced mysticism. This was evident in the way that British colonist described the†¦show more content†¦They were to the European simple people but useful. The boarders that were created meshed together different tribal groups, all with their own customs that made them distinct from one another. Ignorant to seeing this or pe rhaps just uncaring, the colonists and missionaries then moved toward civilizing the Africans by wiping them clean of their identity and instilling into them a new identity. Their reasoning was to bring the Africans into the modern world and to make them useful. These motives of course were not simply to help the African people but turn them into a labor force. This movement was fueled by the belief that the Africans were in nature primitive people and in need of help. Just like James Ferguson said â€Å"Western societies have found in Africa a radical other for their own constructions of civilization, enlightenment, progress, development, modernity, and, indeed, history† Africa was a place that was seen as a means to judge the standards of western progress and culture (Ferguson 2). This meant that Africa and the people who lived there were reduced to a lower standing on the social ladder. Africa was a testing ground for western nations to test their ability to bring cu lture to the uncultured. Even today most of the world judges their way of life, their culture, and prosperity based on how they compare to a 3rd world country like Africa. TheShow MoreRelatedUnilever N. V Case Study1209 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle East, and Africa. In 2016, Unilever indicated a revenue of EUR52713 million (Unilever, 2017) which represents a drop by 1 percent from 2015. The company’s operating margin was also 14.8 percent in comparison with an operating margin of 14.1 percent in 2015 fiscal year. Currently, the company functions as a dual-listed organization that has two parent firms, Unilever N.V and Unilever PLC. Unilever N.V is registered in England and Wales. These two firms function as a single entity. Unilever in conjunctionRead MoreWhy Are Intra State Conflicts So Difficult? Resolve?1748 Words   |  7 Pagesstate against a non-state entity; regional internal wars involve the government of a regional subunit against a non-state entity; and intercommunal wars involve combat between/among two or more non-state entities within the state’ When trying to explore the difficulty of a solution, one must first look at the origins of intra-state conflicts. The Arab Spring exemplifies an uprising by the oppressed population of countries - located in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) - as part of a democratizationRead MoreCorruption Is The Biggest Among The Challenges Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pageslead to poor development in a society. 1.3 COUNTRIES CORRUPTION RATING Transparency International in 2014 based on expert opinion from around the world, constructed a corruption perception index which measures the perceived levels of public sector corruption worldwide, and it paints an alarming picture. Not one single country gets a perfect score and more than two-third score below 50, on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). Corruption is a problem for all countries. It is a signRead MoreEssay Orientalism865 Words   |  4 Pagesclichà ©. In recent history, numerous wars and conflicts have erupted as a result of Occidental misperceptions of the Orient and vice versa. To the European mind, the Maghreb, Persia, the Levant, Arabia, Anatolia, and the adjacent lands are but a single entity evoking poetic visions of the Orient. While it may be true that among these regions, certain commonalities exist, diversity and the richness of several cultures more aptly describes the Orient. Edward Said’s â€Å"Introduction† to Orient alism aidsRead MoreThe Literary Theory Known as Post-Colonialism1061 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ancient cultures of China and Japan as parts of a single entity. Said postulates that this construct continues to affect the West’s interactions with and perceptions of the people and cultures of those regions, especially the Middle East. This concept of viewing all Asian cultures as nearly the same is a focus of post-colonial criticism, both in its writing as well as its criticism of past works such as Kipling on India or Conrad on Africa. In the period following World War Two when the BritishRead MoreCulture Drives Globalization Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesdrives globalization more. â€Å"Technology has now created the possibility and even the likelihood of a global culture. The Internet, fax machines, satellites, and cable TV are sweeping away cultural boundaries. Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions and dreams of ordinary citizens, wherever they live. This spread of values, norms, and culture tends to promote Western ideals of capitalism.† Arguably, a global culture creates a global economy through the forces of technological advancement IRead MoreHow The Idea Of Africa1822 Words   |  8 PagesExamine how the idea of Africa was invented . What is meant by ‘Africa’? A number of questions come up when trying to define it; is it geographic? Or can Africa be considered a racial definition? Is Africa even one single entity capable of being defined? There is a predominant idea that there is something different or strange about the continent, that it is violent, alien and savage . This false idea has been invented . At what point did African otherness become the norm? I will argueRead MoreInternational Convergence Of Accounting Standards1494 Words   |  6 Pagesplay an important role in accounting industry as they have the power to shape national economies. Therefore, regardless of many benefits that uniform standards could bring, there are numerous evidences found that could support Ball’s judgement. The perception that uniform financial reporting could not be accomplished by depending solely on uniform standards is supported due to varieties of capitalism. â€Å"The form of financial reporting should be tailored to the type of economic system† (Walker, 2010).Read MoreArgument For Promotion Of Core Csr1635 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities by the firm is quite high. Consumers of medications produced by the firm may associate the firm’s â€Å"irresponsible† behavior as misaligned with the mission to improve the health of all individuals, and stop buying the drug. Further, this perception by the consumers may even lead to questions regarding the quality of the medication- after all if a healthcare firm is not passionate about optimizing healthcare, this culture may permeate through the firms quality control process. By promotingRead MoreThe Media s Choice Of A Desert2122 Words   |  9 Pages After the message was interpreted at the Reproduction stage. The dominant audience does not just get the message of the film, but they also get to connect to the ideology behind the production of the film. And as it reinforces, the stereotype of Africa, it also helps sharpen those stereotypes. The African people, particularly Nigerians, rejected the message after interpreting the message .In a letter written to Sony Pictures Entertainment by the Nigeria embassy in D.C, the embassy demanded the withdrawal

Time Line 2 - 1050 Words

Timeline Part II NOTE: Before starting the Timeline project please refer to the Example Timeline Matrix document. Instructions: Complete the matrix by providing the Time Period/Date(s) in column B, and the Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History in column C. See complete instructions in the Syllabus for the Module 3 assignment entitled. â€Å"Timeline Part II.† NOTE: The timeline project does not need to be submitted to turnitin. NOTE: Please write your answers in a clear and concise manner. Limit your submission of the Timeline Part II up to 250 words per topic/subtopic. For example, if a topic is divided into 3 subtopics, you may write a maximum of 250 per subtopic listed. Be sure to cite all sources.†¦show more content†¦With slavery abolished in the Southern States, the South struggled to rebuild post war. Labor unions were formed to combat the poor working conditions, low wages, and other issues (Justin S, 2004).. | 8) The socio-cultural and economic impact of the mass immigration to the U.S. in the late 1800s and early 1900s. | 1800s - 1900s | After the civil war there was a boom in immigration which led to the term â€Å"New immigration.† Because of the new immigration, the US had fears of the negative impact on the economy, politics and culture the new immigrants were thought to bring (Wikipedia, n.d.). | 9) The socio-cultural impact of the Progressive Movement and its legacy to Ameri can history. | 1900s | Two items that are attributed to the legacy of the Progressive Movement are the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). The progressives wanted to tame bosses and political machines and to include more people in the political process. | 10) Imperialism and America’s rise to power, including the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American War of 1898. | 1890 – 1920 | Cuba wanted to be separated from Spain and the US was already warring with Spain over. Territories as well were the cause. The consequence was the creation of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S., which allowed temporary American control of Cuba, ceded indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands fromShow MoreRelatedSorry for Disturbing You1706 Words   |  7 Pagesby Andrew Phillip (2009). The composition of Sorry for Disturbing You is mainly chronological. It starts in medias res as Ian reflects over his meeting with Michael Phelps. This is the only place where there is a breach of the chronologically time line. The story spans over a couple of hours, from the moment Ian opens the door to when he returns home to his wife and daughter, Karen and Corinne. It is told by a third person limited narrator as we only get an insight view on Ian thoughts. This meansRead MoreHow Tenyson Describes the Eagle Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesHow Tenyson Describes the Eagle In verse 1, line 1 he describes the eagle as being harsh, violent and rough by using alliteration in the words clasps, crag, and crooked. He uses onomatopoeia also in these words to get over the violentness of the bird and also its rough environment. When using the phrase crooked hands Tenyson is describing how the shape of the claws are crooked but when he used the word hands instead of claws this is implying the eagle has godRead MoreThe Death Of A Toad By Richard Wilbur893 Words   |  4 Pagesexample, the â€Å"power mower caught† (Wilbur, line 1) the toad’s leg and while it â€Å"chewed and clipped† (Wilbur, line 2) the actual mower is not described further. This is because the mechanism of death does not truly matter to the toad or the author, death is inevitable and the mower is simply accepted as what happened to be the deliverer to that end. The next use of imagery is the â€Å"final glade† (Wilbur, line 6) where the toad will come to rest for the last time. It hops to a place â€Å"Under the cinerariaRead MoreThe, Not All A Dream2326 Words   |  10 PagesThe speaker begins his poem as a dream but not all a dream (line 1), immediately casting doubt upon the story to follow. The poet then imagines the end of the world through a series of natural, social, and possibly supernatural events. The sad/dark, cold earth reduces/lessens for weeks or months, long enough for men to forget their strong emotions (line 7) and turn their hearts only to survival or feelings that there is no hope. To stop/hold back the darkness, they burn everything they canRead MoreWorkload Balancing818 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing: Printer | Variable | Profit | Line 1 Assembly (mins) | Line 2 Packaging (mins) | mins available per day | D1-910 | X91 | $42 | 3 | 4 | 480 | D1-950 | X95 | $87 | 6 | 2 | 480 | 1. The recommended number of units of each printer to produce to maximize the total contribution to profit for an 8-hour shift. What reasons might management have for not implementing your recommendation? To maximize profit with the time constraints on each line, management should only produce D1-950Read MoreAssembly Line Balancing1091 Words   |  5 PagesAssembly Line Balancing Dr. Dileep S. More Operations Management Group IIM Calcutta Objectives †¢ Understand the concept of assembly line balancing †¢ Study a general procedure to balance the line †¢ Study advantages of line balancing Introduction †¢ The first movable assembly line was created by Ford to manufacture the Ford Model T †¢ Ford installed a capstan and a thick cable to move the cars between assembly stations Ford’s assembly line concept A Line with Multi Operators A 2 minutesRead MoreMetcalfe County Middle School : Cumberland Comes To Town1218 Words   |  5 Pagesof the year, Metcalfe County Middle School took on Cumberland at home. The 6th grade team started out on, scoring 13 of their points in the first quarter and holding Cumberland to 2 points. The second quarter was low on field goals with CCMS making the only basket. The half-time score was Metcalfe 13 to Cumberland’s 2. Rebounding between the teams were even and Aubrey Glass led rebounding for the Hornets with 7, her game high. Bree Jolly led steals with 7 and Kassady London led scoring with 17. TheRead MoreEssay on Case Problem 1 Chapter 31084 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 2 Case Problem 1: Workload Balancing Digital Imaging: Balancing Photo Printer Production Digital Imaging, a company that produces photo printers, recently introduced two models of printers into the average consumer market: the DI-910, and the more sophisticated and faster DI-950. Analysis shows that management can expect profit contributions of $42 for each DI-910 and $87 for each DI-950 produced. Both models are assembled in an automated plant using two production lines. ProductionRead MoreToshiba1109 Words   |  5 Pages(1) What are the key elements of Toshiba’s business strategy in notebook computers? In what way do Ome’s operations support this strategy? Toshiba retained its position as market leader at that time by beating its competitor with aggressively priced, technologically superior products. The Ome operation was key to that strategy, because it enabled Toshiba to produce higher quality products at lower prices. Relentless improvement to the manufacturing process resulted in higher quality productsRead More A Midsummer Nights Dream - Hermia And Helenas Relationship Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocence?quot; (Act 3, Scene 2, Line 201, Helena) They had complete trust in each other, telling each other their deepest secrets. quot;Is all the counsel that we two have shared, The sisters vows, the hours that we have spent,quot; (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 198 - 199, Helena) They worked together on everything they did including sewing and singing. quot;Both on one sampler, sitting on one cushion, Both warbling of one song, both in one key,quot; (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 205 - 206) To some people

The American System of Government Free Essays

Chapter 4 We – the People Dividing Power: The American System of Government The Basics †¢Americans have distrusted any concentration of political power ever since its founding †¢American form of government was written down in a Constitution o1787, after thirteen colonies gained independence from Great Britain †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tyranny† of King George III – the Americans wanted to make sure no person was allowed to have too much power †¢Representative democracy Elected representatives who could be regularly shifted out oPower rested with the people †¢Federal system oIndividual states which give only certain specific powers to a central government oFederalism †¢The separation of powers oDivided the power into three oNo one is too powerful Federalism †¢The federal government can only do what it has specifically been given the power to do in the Constitution oDelegated powers by the states †¢Reserved powers are for the states and the peo ple oState rights The states gave the federal government power over the following areas oForeign affairs (treaties and relations with other countries) oDefense (defending the nation and declaring war) oMonetary policy oTrade (among states, between states and government, between the nation and other countries) Separation of powers †¢Breaking power into three oThe Executive (the President) oThe Legislative (Congress) oThe Judicial (Supreme Court) †¢Main idea – power could never be combined under one man oThreaten people and democracy The Founding Fathers created the system of checks and balances oEach of the branches can limit the power of two The Congress – legislative powers †¢Two â€Å"chambers† – the House of Representatives and the Senate †¢The smaller states were afraid of being controlled of the larger states †¢The number of representatives each state got in the House of Representatives was based on the population of the stat e †¢In the Senate, each state was given two representatives no matter how small or large †¢Congress has the power to: Pass laws (legislation) oLevy taxes oDecide how federal money is used †¢No one in the federal government gets paid nothing gets funded unless Congress has passed a â€Å"bill† approving the use of money †¢Members of the House of Representatives – Congressmen o435 members, all its members are elected every two years (democratic) †¢Members of the Senate – Senators o100 members, two from each state, elected for six years of the time (stable) †¢Checks on Congress oThe President can veto a bill by refusing to sign it The Supreme Court can declare laws â€Å"unconstitutional† The President – executive powers †¢The President is Head of State and represents the people of the US at home and abroad †¢The President is Chief Executive oHeads all federal organizations, has a â€Å"cabinet† with poli tical advisors †¢The President is Commander-in-Chief oHe is head of the armed forces of the only superpower in the world. Only Congress can declare war, but the President can ask Congress for the power to use â€Å"necessary force† †¢The President is Chief Diplomat Decides foreign and defense policy, appoints ambassadors, sets up embassies and negotiates treaties (only become law if two-thirds of the Senate approves) †¢The power of the President has increased since 1787, he leads three million people who work for this branch of the government †¢Checks on the President oThe Supreme Court can declare his actions unconstitutional oCongress can change or refuse to pass the legislation suggested by him oCongress can override a presidential veto with a two-third majority oCongress and Supreme Court can â€Å"impeach† the President (remove him) The Supreme Court – judicial powers Highest court in the land, all courts must accept its interpretation o f the law †¢States have their own laws and their own supreme courts, but if there is a conflict, the federal law overrides the state law (to make sure the law is applied the same way everywhere) †¢Decides what laws are in compliance and what laws are unconstitutional †¢A law that is unconstitutional is â€Å"null and void†, no longer valid †¢Nine members of the Supreme Court oNine to make sure it can’t split evenly oâ€Å"Justices† are appointed for life †¢Checks on the Supreme Court oCongress can change the Constitution Congress and the Supreme Court can â€Å"impeach† a Supreme Court Justice Checks and balances in action †¢Every year the President must submit a bill for federal budget to Congress †¢Congress never passes it as it is, both the House and the Senate make changes †¢If president gets a majority, he may then accept a compromise. He can refuse to sign the bill, and send it back to the Congress, both must a compromise Appointing a Supreme Court Justice †¢When a justice dies, the President nominates a judge to fill the seat †¢Since the President can choose someone he finds beneficial for the job, he Senate must first approve â€Å"ratify† the choice before the President can appoint a nominee †¢If it does not, the President must find someone else (checks and balances) Separation of powers – advantages and disadvantages †¢It has worked as intended †¢It has kept government under democratic control †¢When Richard Nixon broke the law (Watergate scandal) he was forced from office †¢On the other hand, when the President is a Democrat and Congress has a majority of Republicans (or vice versa), the division of powers can paralyze the political system †¢Some say it would’ve been better with a parliamentary democracy (the Congress chooses the President). We will write a custom essay sample on The American System of Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now In that way, the budget would always pass in congress †¢However, this would give the President a lot more power State government †¢American states are â€Å"real states† oThey make their own laws, collect their own taxes, have their own welfare systems, police forces, educational systems and so on †¢Most â€Å"governing† goes on at the state and local levels †¢Any American is bound to respect federal law, state law and local city and county law †¢Most states use the federal government as a model for their state government oAll have a written constitution All practice the separation of powers into three branches †¢The executive branch is headed by a Governor †¢The legislative branch is divided into two chambers (except Nebraska) †¢All states have a state supreme court and separate court systems †¢The 50 states are all different, and are looked at as 50 â€Å"laboratories of democracy†, which means that they come with ne w solutions to new and old problems †¢The US is proud to have an extremely large degree of local democracy and variation Advantages and disadvantages †¢Local democracy source of strength and innovation, but hard to govern †¢E. g. the school system. The President and Congress can have an opinion on what is best for the school systems, but they can’t order the states to adopt these measures, because education is a â€Å"state right† and not a federal responsibility †¢Variety inequality. Some states are rich, some are poor Political Parties in the United States The electoral system There are two basic things to keep in mind about the electoral system in America oAll federal and state elections are in single-seat election districts †¢Only one representative from each district will be elected oA candidate can win an election with either a majority of votes, or a plurality of votes †¢The winner is candidate C, because that candidate has a plurality of votes. â€Å"The winner takes it all†. The other votes are â€Å"wasted†. 85306 †¢If A and B goes t ogether and supports one candidate, that candidate could easily win with 60% of the votes †¢Problems: finding someone they both support The US only has two parties: The Democrats and the Republicans. Both are giant coalitions of wildly different political groups. Shooting for the center †¢Both parties are coalitions neither party presents a very clear political profile †¢A clear ideology would send away some interest groups, weakening the party †¢Both parties are vague about what they stand for †¢No one wants to come out with strong ideological statements that might scare away any voters, because to win you have to win the votes of the electorate, which basically is divided into two The Democratic Party (donkey) †¢Supports stronger federal authority, more liberal, willing to use government in the service of the people at the expense of â€Å"states’ rights† †¢Wants to involve the federal government in shaping American society (more than the Republicans), reducing the gap between rich/poor †¢Support welfare programs more strongly than Republicans †¢Taxes are a resource that can be wisely used †¢Have support in large cities and states on the coasts The Republican Party (GOP, the elephant) More conservative party, support state rights and resist a large role for the federal government †¢Wants to give a great deal of free play to market economy and are opposed to government regulations of the economy †¢Lower level of taxation †¢Every-man-for-himself tradition, are suspicious of welfare systems †¢Have support in the Midwest and the south and among businesspeople Democrats and Republicans †¢Some Democrats are more conservative than Republicans and some Republicans are more liberal than Democrats. †¢Different histories and tradition Serious political consequences the Republicans have grown more powerful because conservative southerners have left the democrats Advantages and disadvantages of a two-party system †¢Gives a stable foundation to build on †¢Forces the parties to look for voter support from the center of American politics, encouraging moderation, an agreement, a â€Å"consensus† †¢The two-party system helps create such broad agreement †¢Wastes votes of millions who vote for candidates who are not elected oUndermines democracy †¢No directions other than leading the country Blocks new ideas and movements (they are drawn into the coalitions) Interest Groups and Lobbyists †¢Joining or supporting a political party is not the only way to influence the political process in America †¢A more direct route INTEREST GROUPS oPolitical orga nizations which seek to influence government policy about one specific issue or related set of issues oCompromise without being part of one of the great party coalitions oCan be more straightforward, aggressive and ideological PACs †¢Political Action Committee Organized specifically to elect (or defeat) politicians or to promote legislation †¢Collects contributions and use them to support or oppose candidates oHard money goes directly to the candidates oSoft money pays for campaigns in various ways Lobbyists †¢Interest groups make use of lobbyists who try to persuade individual politicians to support the interests they represent. They have recently become more active (16 00034000) †¢Can be done in many ways: Taking them out for dinner, paying their way to conferences and seminars, finding jobs for their relatives and so on †¢Lobbyists are found near the centers of power. Spent 2. 4 billion in 2005 Advantages and disadvantages †¢Make the citizens politically active †¢They show that the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly are being put to good use †¢Some worry about the increasing role of interest groups oWeakened political parties? oSplits the electorate up in warring groups? †¢Another reason for concern is the skyrocketing expense of getting elected †¢Senate campaigns costs minimum 3 million dollars, rising to 10 million in big states †¢House of Representatives: 1 million dollars every two years oA great deal of the money comes from lobbyists Electing a President †¢To major stages in the election process oDeciding nominees for candidates for President and Vice President oElecting President and Vice President †¢Primaries winner national convention nomination Vice President/platform campaign election (people) election (electoral college) President The nomination race †¢Exhausting process †¢January June: Primaries are held in most states oChoosing a party nominee †¢Earlier they were chosen by state party conventions Not good, because they ended up being controlled by a party elite †¢Decided to choose nominees by a special state-wide election †¢Protects the public from the leadership of its own political parties †¢Primaries are held at different times in different states and often with different rules †¢Each party emerges with a man or a woman as winner in each of the states holding a primary oWinner is the state’s delegates at the party’s national convention †¢As the primaries proceed, the number of persons running for the nomination is gradually reduced to two or three per party †¢Failure losing support †¢Succeed momentum and fresh funding Earlier the primary season was longer, and that gave relatively unknown candidates the chance to gain support oExample: Jimmy Carter †¢Recently, primaries are held earlier and earlier oNo point in holding a state primary after other primary elections have already determined which candidate has a majority of delegates at the national party convention †¢Held as early as possible, on the same day in several states †¢This favors well-known candidates with a lot of money who can campaign in several states †¢Ironically, the money comes from powerful special interests, forces primaries were created to avoid Tickets and platforms Late August/early September, a national convention is held in a major city †¢A party chooses its final candidate for President †¢Used to be an exciting event (unknown who would become candidate) †¢These days, the results are almost always already decided from the primaries †¢The nomination is â€Å"ritual†, with balloons and speeches and cheering crowds †¢However, a good deal of interest is still connected to the choosing of a party â€Å"ticket† and the creation of a party â€Å"platform†. †¢The party ticket is the team of candidates running for President and Vice President †¢The choice of Vice President is up to the President Often a secret until the presidential nomination is accepted †¢A BALANCED TICKET, to reach a broad section of the electorate oCandidate from South, other one from North/West oCandidate is woman, other one is a man oCandidate is conservative, other one is liberal oCandidate is inexperienced, other one is a seasoned politician or statesman †¢All interests can’t be balanced in two people, but an effort is made †¢Once the tick et is clear, the two sit down with the party leadership and write a party platform oThe team will run for election Party platform closest thing to an ideological statement †¢It consists of political statements or promises which together make the party’s political program †¢They differ from year to year and election to election, addresses the different issues of the day and incorporate with new political trends †¢They want to meet the expectations of as wide a group of voters as possible oFuzzy and broad, both parties promise the same things The election and the Electoral College †¢Finally there is the actual election †¢Serious campaigning starts in September and lasts until voting day, the first Tuesday in November †¢The candidates travel all over the country, speaks at meetings, takes part in official debates, appears on TV, gaining recommendations from important people, TV-ads, press releases, e-mails, books, pamphlets and etc †¢Expensive, in 1996 it amounted together 448. million dollars. In 2008 it doubled to over 1 billion dollars, 500 million dollars on each. †¢The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the popular vote †¢They are elected indirectly by a majority of the electoral votes cast by the nation’s fifty states system †¢The 41 days comes from the old days (1787), when it was a lot harder to travel around. Most people didn’t know who the candidates were, but they trusted someone in town. Votes were cast for these men as electors from each state. They assembled, discussed the candidates, and sent their decision to Washington D. C. †¢The candidate who had won a majority of the popular vote in a state got all the electoral votes in the state (Winner takes it all) The Electoral College †¢Each state is given a number of electors equal to its presentation in Congress oTwo Senators + a varied number of Congress man †¢D. C. , which belongs to no state has three electors The number of electoral votes is equal to: o435 congressmen o100 senators o3 from the District of Columbia †¢538 electoral votes †¢To win the Presidential election a candidate must have a majority of these votes, that is 269+1 = 270 votes. †¢It is possible for a President to be elected with a majority of the votes in the Electoral College while having a minority of the popular vote nationwide. oSmall states are over-represented in the Electoral College How to cite The American System of Government, Essay examples

Importance of Perception in Healthcare-Free-Samples for Students

Questions:. 1.Define perception and why it is important in regard Healthcare? 2.Explain how attitudes influence behavior in Health Operations. Answers: 1.Perception and why it is important in regard Healthcare Perception is the method of organizing, identifying and interpreting the sensory information for representing and understanding the presented information. Perception is necessary in health care for the health care professionals. The perspective of the patient in a particular healthcare organization is equal to the reputation of the brand (Darlow et al., 2012). If patients have had good experience they can rely further in to the organization and return for the care again. The perspective of the staff or the health care professionals on the other hand is proportional to the service delivery. A health care professional should have perceptions in turns of ethics, service care delivery. Perceptions among the clinicians help them to choose the best treatment regimen. 2.Attitudes influence behavior in Health Organization? Attitude can be defined as the mental state of readiness that can be obtained through experience that has a dynamic influence on the response of the individual to all situations. Health care professionals should always develop a positive attitude that will actually impact on the health of the client as well as individual's job performance (Al-Arifi, 2012). A positive demeanor can be beneficial to terminally ill patients or elderly patients suffering from cognitive problems. Positive attitude always helps to develop courage in the patient to fight with his or her ailment. It will make a difference in how the patient feels. It will help them to believe that they are being cared for. It also helps to deal with the various stressors of the job, manage the interpersonal relationships and also to create solutions for complex problems. Maintaining a positive attitude also helps to reduce unintentional events and accidents as it helps the caregivers to remain focused and maintain a healthy l ife style (Darlow et al., 2012). It also helps to earn a good reputation and helps in the advancement of the career. References Al-Arifi, M. N. (2012). Patients perception, views and satisfaction with pharmacists role as health care provider in community pharmacy setting at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 20(4), 323-330. Darlow, B., Fullen, B. M., Dean, S., Hurley, D. A., Baxter, G. D., Dowell, A. (2012). The association between health care professional attitudes and beliefs and the attitudes and beliefs, clinical management, and outcomes of patients with low back pain: a systematic review. European Journal of Pain, 16(1), 3-17.