Antrhopology A Social Science - 754 Words

Every individual is born being part of a specific society, and as part of which he learn the beliefs, customs and values shared by his society. This process called enculturation is the assimilation of an individual’s culture. The concept of culture has been described many times over the human existence; however, it is much more complex and complete of what it seems. To understand the concept of culture is necessary look at it as multidimensional, in which every element is fundamental to it, and because of it has great importance in the understanding of the human race. The term â€Å"culture† was used for the first time in the English vocabulary by Edward Tylor in his book Primitive Culture where he introduced his popular definition of the word, which would become the most-quoted description since then. Yet, the concept of culture was utilized long before it was finally defined for Tylor. Aristotle, in the ancient Rome, used to use the term polis to refer to a concept that in the actuality take the name of â€Å"culture† and that in a general manner represented the people belonging to the society. Thus, it can be inferred that men has always had the notion of the differences between societies and how each possessed its own characteristic elements. Anthropology, as the science that study essentially men, must study culture like a fundamental result of human societies. In fact, culture should be studied not only as a result but also as component, because it cannot exist one without theShow MoreRelated Reflexivity: Crossing That Line1036 Words   |  5 PagesReflexivity: Crossing That Line Traditionally, ethnographic works had always been about objective studies of the â€Å"other.† The discipline attempts to use non-biased methods to research of our subjects to qualify anthropology into the category of science. However, an increasing number of anthropologists begin to question the existence of objectivity in fieldwork. More recently, some anthropologists advocate the incorporation of the self, or the use of reflexivity, in the research to acknowledgeRead MoreHofstede Cultural Difference Critiques2337 Words   |  10 PagesMcSweeney’s criticism (2002a:92), â€Å"culture treated as a mere epiphenomenon, completely casual†, as conceptualized by Hofstede, it would look like something which moves along the history â€Å"enduring†, yet it is not subject to radical changes due to fluctuating social, economic and institutional trends (Tab.3). [Tab.3] Questionnaire and Dimensions Arguably, the questionnaire itself

Notes on Psychology Free Essays

Mary Insinuators: Methods: Insinuators performed a longitudinal study in Uganda. She used home visits, naturalistic observations, and interviews with the mothers of the children, using an Interpreter. The babies ranged from 15 weeks to two years old when the study began, and were observed every two weeks for nine months In a natural environment (the family living room). We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now A researcher observes a child’s reactions when a mother briefly leaves her child alone in an unfamiliar room. The way the child behaves during the separation and upon the mother’s return can reveal Important Information about attachment. Four categories of behaviors were assured and observed: (1 ) separation anxiety: the unease the infant showed when left by the caregiver, (2) the infant’s willingness to explore, (3) stranger anxiety: the Infant’s response to the presence of a stranger, and (4) reunion behavior: the way the caregiver was greeted on return The observer noted the behavior displayed and scored the behavior for intensity on a scale of 1 to 7. Describe the Work of Bowl Bowl was one of the most influential theorists In the area of children’s emotional and social development Define â€Å"Attachment† Attachment is the emotional bond between child and caregiver. It can be observed from around 7 months of age, and manifests itself as separation anxiety in the child when the caregiver is not present. A key element in attachment is parent sensitivity Name the 3 Main Theories of Attachment The Strange Situation Paradigm (Insinuators) which showed the different categories of attachment. Bellboy’s Internal Working Model, which showed how early attachment patterns resulted in internal schemas about relationships. Continuity Patterns in Romantic Love (Hazy and Shaver), which showed childhood patterns were repeated In adult romantic relationships, and Social ND cultural Factors In Attachment (Van l]candor and Greenberg, Malarkey,et al, which showed attachment patterns were constant cross-culturally, but which were most prevalent varied by cultural parenting styles. Describe Insinuator’s â€Å"Strange Situation Paradigm† An experiment that measured the anxiety and behavior between Infant and mother through a combinations of separations and reunions. Also featured in the â€Å"Strange Situation† was the introduction of a stranger, someone not known to the child, in order to observe the child’s reaction Name the 3 Categories of I OFF stressed when mother leaves, seeks contact upon her return. Ambivalent Attachment (type C): infant is distress when mother leaves, quickly seeks contact upon return, but then rejects mother Avoidance Attachment (type A): infant show no distress when mother leaves, avoids contact upon return, and is not afraid of the stranger. Typical of babies of unresponsive mothers. Describe the 4th Attachment Category added by Main and Solomon (1990) Insecure/Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment (type D): child shows no reaction to mother leaving or returning. Associated with abused children. Research Evidence for Attachment Theory: Insinuators (1969) Agenda Project Observed 28 Uganda mothers interacting with their child through naturalistic observations in the home. Measured mother’s sensitivity to infants signals and needs, identified as 2 key factors in attachment. If a secure attachment is formed the child will feel worthy of love and attention. This internal model tends to be reproduced in adult relationships. Explain Bellboy’s Theory of Attachment History The internal working model reflects an individual’s experiences about the accessibility of attachment figure, different experiences may explain different attachment patterns, as well as attachment disorders What does the study of Social and Cultural Factors tell us about Attachment? Cross cultural studies tend to confirm the four attachment categories, but also show different distributions, based on differing cultural practices. Research Evidence for Social and Cultural Differences in Attachment: Van Condoner and Greenberg (1988) Looked at 32 studies from 8 countries, covering 2,000 infants. They found, for example, that Japan showed more ambivalent attachment than the West, but no avoidance attachment. Secure attachment was more common in the West. Explain Continuity Attachment Patterns in Romantic Love The theory is that the patterns of attachment form in early childhood and that are translated into schemas via the inner working model repeat themselves in adult romantic relationships Research Evidence for Continuity Attachment Theory: Hazy and Shaver (1978) Compared attachments with parents to romantic adult attachments. Assumed inner workings model, and then compared self-reported attachment ACH of Insinuator’s categories were roughly the same. Further, secure lovers described their relationships as happy, trusting and friendly, Avoidance lovers displayed fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows, as well as Jealousy. Bivalent attachment characterized romantic love as obsessive, filled with highs and lows, extreme sexual attraction, and Jealousy Evaluation of Hazy and Shaver (1978) Supported idea that attachment styles could be found in adult romantic love. Some concern that sample was self-selected and disproportionately female. Forced choices may have skewed the data. However, a follow by Hazy and Shaver ten years later replicated the results. Research Evidence for Social and Cultural Differences in Attachment: Mistake et al. (1985) Explained attachment differences between US and Japan. Japanese mothers put greater emphasis on close relationships, but urge children to develop their own identity and solve problems with a wider social group. US children are more independent, but rely on adults to solve problems. US shows more avoidance attachment, a consequence of independence, while Japanese children show more secure attachment and are more sensitive to group needs as adults. How to cite Notes on Psychology, Papers

Enabling Service Innovation Dynamic Capabilities MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Enabling Service Innovation for Dynamic Capabilities. Answer: Introduction: Currently, most of the professional service firms or PSFs are facing issues because of regulatory changes in frequent rate, client demands, globalization and the impact of information technology. Due to the aforementioned challenges, most of the professional service firms could not successfully pursue their individual business model as well as operational methods. Driven by the urge to respond against the aforementioned frequent issues, majority of the progressive professional service organizations are adopting and applying the concept of service innovation in terms of a convenient solution (Barrett et al. 2015). In this context, it is required to mention that the fundamental purpose of a professional service firm is to provide sufficient amount of value to the clients. It has been found out that dynamic client demands and growing impact of globalization and information technology harms the aspect of value proposition in majority of the PSFs. With the help of service innovation, it i s possible to bring change in business model and operations, which can later lead the organization in proposing appropriate value to the target market (Empson et al. 2015). Service innovation in the professional service organizations change the development process and involve the utilization of new practices by the hands of the corporate professionals. It has been recognized that service innovation can play the key role for increasing corporate growth as well as competitive advantage and one of the most frequently used ways of pursuing service innovation is found to be the model of Innovation Dimension (Kastalli and Van Looy 2013). The Innovation dimension model of service innovation considers four particular dimensions through which a PSF can start innovating and can finally maximize its performance or productivity. Four different dimensions through which a PSF can successfully implant service innovation and increase its productivity, are process, offering, market position and paradigm (Kindstrm et al. 2013). With the help of process innovation dimension, organizations, which lack proper management as well process definition, can successfully govern t he ways of working. More precisely, process innovation as an effective method of service innovation works efficiently in engaging employees in their individual position. Furthermore, with the application of process innovation, management of professional service organizations can fruitfully encourage their employees to innovate ideas for making incremental improvements (Mina et al. 2014). With incremental improvements, it is expected that employees of an organization can positively increase their productive power, which finally determines the maximization of performance of an organization. On other hand, with the help of offering innovation, professional service organizations can successfully improve its existing service or can create new service model and strategies. For example, by applying the offering innovation, a law firm named Mills Reeve developed an iPhone application for the organizations offering in Divorce.co.uk. Another innovation dimension, Market position helps a PSF in maximizing its productivity by repositioning its value proposition in the contemporary market place. Moreover, the application of the innovation dimension Market position, helps an organization in enabling investment, which is considered as one of the essential aspects required for maximizing organizational productivity (Salunke et al. 2013). However, with the help of paradigm innovation dimension, professional service firms those are suffering from weak business model, can successfully reinvent individual service model. Professional service organizations that prefer to have a dynamic outlook and an impressive extent of profit, consider reinventing and keep changing their individual business models. For example, a multinational service giant like IBM, prefer to keep reinventing its business model to have a compatible relationship with the contemporary market trend. IBM gradually changed its business model from keeping one-based hardware system to one-based software service. Therefore, it can be said that service innovation is one of the potential core competencies of a PSF that can enhance performance standard and amount as well as can bring good reputation for a PSF. However, it is to consider in this context that with the help of market position innovation dimension, an organization may successfully maximize its productivity though the particular innovation dimension can bring varied risks too. If an organization would frequently change or reinvent its business model, then it is possible that the organization would face resistance from the existing management and employees (Kastalli and Van Looy 2013). Moreover, it is also to consider that service innovation in a PSF can be accomplished by integrating active support from the existing leaders, a potential set of business strategies, a convenient business culture, sufficient amount of resources and a structured process. Lack of any of the aforementioned aspects may not help a PSF to maximize its productivity with the application of service innovation. Reference Barrett, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, J. and Vargo, S.L., 2015. Service innovation in the digital age: key contributions and future directions.MIS quarterly,39(1), pp.135-154. Empson, L., Muzio, D. and Broschak, J. eds., 2015.The Oxford handbook of professional service firms. Oxford University Press, USA. Kastalli, I.V. and Van Looy, B., 2013. Servitization: Disentangling the impact of service business model innovation on manufacturing firm performance.Journal of Operations Management,31(4), pp.169-180. Kindstrm, D., Kowalkowski, C. and Sandberg, E., 2013. Enabling service innovation: A dynamic capabilities approach.Journal of business research,66(8), pp.1063-1073. Mina, A., Bascavusoglu-Moreau, E. and Hughes, A., 2014. Open service innovation and the firm's search for external knowledge.Research Policy,43(5), pp.853-866. Salunke, S., Weerawardena, J. and McColl-Kennedy, J.R., 2013. Competing through service innovation: The role of bricolage and entrepreneurship in project-oriented firms.Journal of Business Research,66(8), pp.1085-1097.